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A realis mood is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences. Most languages have a single realis mood called the indicative mood, although some languages have additional realis moods, for example to express different levels of certainty. By contrast, an irrealis mood is used to express something that is not known to be the case in reality. An example of the contrast between realis and irrealis moods is seen in the English sentences "He works" and "It is necessary that he work". In the first sentence ''works'' is a present indicative (realis) form of the verb, and is used to make a direct assertion about the real world. In the second sentence ''work'' is in the subjunctive mood, which is an irrealis mood – here ''that he work'' does not express (necessarily) a fact about the real world, but refers to what would be a desirable state of affairs. However, since mood is a grammatical category, referring to the form a verb takes rather than its meaning in a given instance, a given language may use realis forms for a number of purposes other than their principal one of making direct factual statements. For example, many languages use indicative verb forms to ask questions (this is sometimes called interrogative mood) and in various other situations where the meaning is in fact of the irrealis type (as in the English "I hope it works", where the indicative ''works'' is used even though it refers to a desired rather than real state of affairs). The indicative might therefore be defined as the mood used in all instances where a given language does not specifically require the use of some other mood. Realis mood and indicative mood can be indicated by the respective glossing abbreviations and . ==The English indicative== Distinctions between indicative and other moods such as the subjunctive were marked to a greater extent in historical forms of the language than in Modern English. The following table shows the indicative suffixes used on regular verbs in Old English, Middle English and early and present-day Modern English.〔''The Cambridge History of the English Language''. Richard M. Hogg, Roger Lass, Norman Francis Blake, Suzanne Romaine, R. W. Burchfield, John Algeo (2000).〕 In Modern English the indicative mood is for statements of actuality or strong probability, and in addition acts as a default mood for all instances which do not require use of a specific mood: * The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any other bird in the world. (present indicative) * The Missouri and Mississippi Rivers rose to record heights in 1993. (past indicative) * Mid-westerners will remember the flooding for many years to come. (future indicative) Some forms of the indicative can be used with ''do'', ''does'', or ''did'', either for emphasis, or to form questions or negatives. See ''do''-support. Other moods existing in English besides the indicative are the imperative ("Be quiet!") and the conditional ("I would be quiet") (although this is not always analyzed as a mood) and in some dialects, the subjunctive (as in "I suggest you be quiet"). For some further information see English verbs and Uses of English verb forms. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「realis mood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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